The Innovativeness of the 3rd Generation Capacitor Battery.jpg

Hydrogen is the smallest atom and has an energy density 1,250 times higher than lithium-ion; however,
it has been known to be unsuitable as a battery material because its high momentum when combined with electrons
makes it difficult to manage.
Therefore, hydrogen is currently stored in a liquefied state at very low temperatures and used in hydrogen fuel cells.
This led to the development of hydrogen-ion batteries, which are batteries that store hydrogen by separating it into hydrogen ions and electrons.
However, to form a covalent bond with one hydrogen ion, one carbon atom is required.
As energy density increases, the required mass and surface area of carbon must also increase,
meaning that while weight could be reduced, volume could not be minimized.
But a solution did exist.
It involved utilizing the principle of how a capacitor stores electric charge.
This battery is the ultimate hydrogen-ion capacitor battery,
where porous graphene is coated onto the anode as an insulator.
Then, it is filled with liquid electrolyte, and an anode reaction electrode is installed on the cathode.
When charging begins by supplying hydrogen, the hydrogen separates into hydrogen ions and electrons;
at this time, the electrons travel through the wire to the anode and reach the graphene,
while the hydrogen ions are pulled through the separator to the anode by the electric field.
Since the anode part is coated with an insulator, they do not make direct contact.
By doing this, hydrogen ions can be dramatically concentrated and stored even with a low mass of graphene.
The principle is to concentrate and store hydrogen ions within an electric field rather than through covalent bonding.
In the past, it was said that an era might come where we could use standard AA batteries for cars;
this can be described as a hyper-gap, hyper-innovative technology that makes that possible.
It enables the concentration of hydrogen ions.
To make the anode and cathode form covalent bonds with hydrogen ions, the density and amount of graphene would have to increase,
which increases the mass; however, by coating with an insulator and using the electric field storage method instead of covalent bonding, hydrogen ions can be concentrated and stored.
During the battery manufacturing process, when hydrogen is injected and the battery is charged, the pH level of the electrolyte drops from pH 7 to pH 1,
meaning the concentration of hydrogen ions has increased 1,000,000 times.
If the pH is lowered to pH -1, pH -2, pH -3, or pH -10, the concentration increases by 10 million, 100 million, 1 billion, and 100 trillion times, respectively.
Of course, as the atomic weight of the hydrogen ions increases, the weight also increases, so the physical limit will likely be around pH -1 or pH -2.
The energy density of the battery is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions trapped in the electric field.
It can store 1,250 times more energy compared to lithium-ion.
Once charging is complete, the hydrogen supply pipe is closed, the anode reaction electrode is separated from the cathode,
and the battery is completed by bonding graphene coated with an insulator that has the same cathode active material attached.
Then, the hydrogen ions simply move back and forth through the separator and electrolyte,
while the electrons move between the anode and cathode through the wires.
A battery that separates and stores hydrogen as hydrogen ions and electrons during manufacturing,
uses the principle of a capacitor to trap hydrogen ions within an electric field,
and concentrates the hydrogen ions, can be called a hyper-gap, hyper-innovative technology with extremely high energy density.
Because it is the ultimate battery, it can be called the 3rd generation battery.
The 3rd generation battery is the hydrogen-ion capacitor battery.