George Washington through the eyes of a 19th-century Confucian scholar
I have organized an article regarding George Washington found in the Ying Huan Zhi Lue (瀛環志略), a world history and geography book written by Xu Jiyu (徐繼畬), an official of the late Qing Dynasty.
On the internet, the final commentary (按) is usually the most well-known part. haha
There was a man named Washington [also written as Ol-heung-deung or Wa-seung-don]. He was a person from a specific region of America. He was born in the 9th year of the Yongzheng era, lost his parents at the age of ten, and was raised through his mother's teachings. From a young age, he possessed great ambitions and combined talents in both civil and military affairs, possessing a heroism that surpassed ordinary men.
He formerly became a military officer for England. At that time, while England was at war with France and indigenous tribes were invading the southern borders, Washington led troops to defend them, winning victories wherever he went. However, the British commander did not record his merits. His fellow countrymen wished to promote him to leader, but he declined due to illness and withdrew from public life.
At that time, when the people had already revolted against England, they forcibly promoted Washington to be their general. The situation arose suddenly, and there were no military regulations, gunpowder, or provisions, but Washington encouraged the people with his righteous spirit.
...While fighting the British, they suffered a defeat and the people were too frightened and intended to disperse, but Washington composed himself, regrouped the army, and fought again to victory. For eight years, he fought bloody battles, falling many times but rising again; Washington's spirit did not wane, while the British army grew weary.
France sent its entire national army across the sea to launch a joint attack with Washington against the British, and Spain and Holland also sent troops to urge peace. England could no longer hold out and thus entered into an alliance with Washington, defining borders to become neighboring nations. The desolate and cold lands to the north remained under the British, but the fertile lands to the south all returned to Washington. This was the 47th year of the Qianlong era. After stabilizing the nation, Washington declined military power and wished to return to his fields.
Washington said:
“To win a country and pass it down to one's descendants is a selfish act. The duty of governing the people should rightfully be entrusted to those with virtue. Therefore, nations should be established according to the old regional divisions, with one Principal Governor and one Vice Governor to assist him...
Among the Principal Governors of each nation, one shall be elected as a President to specialize in matters of alliances and warfare, and all nations shall obey his command. The method of electing him shall be the same as electing the governors of each nation, with a term of four years, and if re-elected, eight years...”
Commentary:
Washington was an extraordinary man. When he raised his army, his courage was greater than that of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and his strategic brilliance in seizing territory was greater than that of Cao Cao and Liu Bei. Although he had already raised a sword to open tens of thousands of miles of territory, he did not usurp a royal title nor pass it to his descendants. Instead, he established the system of election, whereby leaders are chosen, reaching a state nearly equivalent to the concept of 'the world belongs to the public' (天下爲公) and approaching the ancient ideals of the Three Dynasties. In his governance, he valued humility and improved social customs, and did not emphasize military conquest, which distinguishes him greatly from other nations. I have seen his portrait, and his bearing and appearance were incomparably majestic and resolute. Alas! How can one not call him a man of exceptional greatness!
It is interesting that the George Washington seen by Xu Jiyu is a highly Confucian ideal monarch. haha
Phrases like "reaching the state of the world belonging to the public" or "approaching the ancient ideals of the Three Dynasties" are immense praises.
There is one more article about George Washington in the Ying Huan Zhi Lue.
It is in the section introducing Mexico.
Mexico seized territory to become independent and fully modeled its system after America, but the ways in which it is governed and the ways in which it falls into chaos are different, and the traces of its prosperity and decline are also different. This is because there was no man like Washington to serve as its leader. Is the scale of a nation's founding not entirely dependent on the person who founds it!
He views the difference between Mexico and the United States as the difference of whether George Washington existed or not.
To a modern person, this might read as a hero-centric historical view, but this is actually a deeply Confucian perspective. haha
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